Course Notes free essay sample

You are not allowed to take exams and quizzes in my other classes. Course Information: This course teaches an introductory level of microeconomics, which is the first-semester economics course for business majors. Selected topics include demand and supply, consumers’ choice, firms’ choice, economics of public sector, and several types of market structure. Although graphical analysis is emphasized throughout the semester, mathematical derivations will also be employed, if necessary, for better understanding. Study Outcomes: After completing this course, students will be able to understand the followings: (1) How the market economy works, and we also discuss graphically how much can be produced given the available resources and technology. (2) Why people are better off if we trade with one another and internationally. (3) How buyers and sellers behave in the market, and how prices are determined in the market. (4) Why people respond to price changes sometimes more and sometimes less, and we also discuss how to analyze some cases in real business world. He feels his grades were not good upon leaving school, went on to do a college course of which he didn’t complete. Further discussions revealed that Mr A fails at most things because he doesn’t push himself. When asked about his family he said that he lives with his parents and gets on with them fairly well but feels like they are moaning at him all the time about his untidy room and the fact he is still working part-time; he feels they do not have a positive word to say about him. In this essay I will identify and explain Mr. A’s symptoms and devise a course of treatment for him which is grounded in recognised techniques and theory. I will attach a screed suitable for the client which will include relevant questions that the therapist would ask Mr A during the session. The Initial Consultation The initial consultation gives the therapist an opportunity to assess the suitability of Mr A for hypnotherapy and to decide whether the therapist is competent and has the skills and experience to help him. The therapist should achieve an understanding of what Mr A wants out of the therapy The more understanding the therapist has regarding the causes of a problem, the better the therapist can define and resolve it . During the first consultation the therapist should listen beyond what is being said to what the whole situation involves. The clues to the problem could be in the subconscious and Mr A may not be aware of them. The therapist needs to know as much as they can about Mr A and if there is a gap in the information will need to ask specific questions in order to fill the gaps and look for indictors of repression. Emotions that Mr A expresses when talking about these issues will give an indicator of where the problems lie. The client’s issues and treatment Following the first consultation, it seems that Mr. A has some deep –seated issues regarding low self esteem. It is important that before embarking on a course of treatment that Mr A is assessed accurately. The treatment could start with normal suggestive hypnosis and if it is indicated that Mr A cannot associate his behaviour with an event or course of events then hypnoanalysis can be used. Hypnoanalysis is a combination of investigative analytical techniques and the hypnotic state. It is used to uncover incident and /or the emotions that have affected an individual in the past and are continuing to affect that person either consciously or subconsciously in the present. The client will not always consciously associate a behaviour pattern with the incidents that are the primary cause of that pattern. The therapist must be able to justify this course of treatment and have the consent of Mr A. after explaining about the process involved. Using hypnoanalysis can be very powerful and using this process inappropriately may damage the client. If hypnoanalysis was the course of treatment for Mr A, the therapist would be looking for the Initial Sensitizing Event (ISE). The ISE may be made up of more than one event and in cases such as Mr A. would be identified as cumulative trauma as it transpires, through further consultation, he has been the target of damaging comments for many years. Mr A. as pushed memories and emotions away so that it does not create anxiety in the present. This is called repression and is one of the ego defence mechanisms (EDM) that was first identified by Freud. It is a defence mechanism that humans use to deal with anxiety which is mostly unconscious. All of us are capable of repressing painful memories which in some cases can be good for people’s well bei ng however if this habit is learnt in childhood it could be taken into adulthood as a coping mechanism where they would find it difficult to talk about painful incidents. This in turn effects people’s physical well being. As mentioned earlier the ISE in Mr A’s case is made up of more than one event occurring originally in childhood where as a child could not argue with the repetitive physical or mental abuse when he made mistakes which then as a child then took the information into his belief system. The two methods that can be used for hypnotanalysis and Free Association and Direct regression. Direct regression is an interactive form of therapy where the therapist guides the client to the point where the initial sensitizing event took place and the client is encouraged to talk during hypnosis. For this to take place, Mr A will have to feel very comfortable with the therapist and may need some practice with hypnosis before they are in the best state to respond. Abreactions, the expression and release of a previously repressed emotion, will often occur. Different people have different types of abreactions when by using hypnoanalysis the therapist is uncovering the initial reaction to a situation. The repressed memory is released and no longer affects the individual in their everyday life. Abreactions can manifest themselves in different ways from people who will cry and some may just grimace. Free Association is an analytical technique where the client is instructed to say everything that comes into their thoughts, during hypnosis, regardless of how trivial it seems. The therapist must not interrupt the client and looks for the emotions attached to the situation. The therapist makes note of what the client says and keeps information until it is validated further or the client is in a receptive state of mind to engage with the therapist’s interpretations. Interpretations are the therapist’s explanations of what the client reveals and the behaviour they wish to address. There must be consideration that the interpretations do not arouse excessive anxiety in the client. Resistance – Resistance can occur at anytime during therapy and the therapist will need to help the client understand why they are resistant to change. Mr A could resist change because it can cause him anxiety. The therapist will need a good rapport with Mr A to help him work towards owning the emotions. The Inner Child Therapy The client’s childhood can affect the way they are as adults. If this results in lack of spontaneity or that they have low self esteem, it may be that as a child their feelings were not validated and may have been ignored. The inner child may be accessed through hypnosis. In this type of therapy the client seeks to understand how they felt as a child in a given situation. The method used to do this using a suitable induction with the client in their special place, the therapist asks them to invite themselves as a child (the inner child) into the scene. When the child arrives the client can be told that they can either talk to the therapist or be left to experience the situation in silence. The therapist asks the client how the child is feeling and will need to ask relevant questions to the child to help make the child feel better. There may be an opportunity for the client to hug the child and offer love to them. They can be reassured that they can meet the child again if they need to. The grief curve – is when someone is affected by loss, there are various stages they go through and the time period for all these stages is generally about 2 years but that of course depends on the type of loss and the emotional attachment to the thing that has been lost. The stages are; Shock – the more difficult the loss the longer this stage is likely to last Separation and Pain – this can be accompanied by many confliction emotions that cause confusion and distress Despair – this is where the person is at their lowest point and may become depressed Acceptance – is when the person is getting used to their loss and life without that person Resolution and reorganisation this is the stage when the person has adjusted their life. These stages must be worked through and it’s important to understand the curve and allow your client the time before embarking on treatment for another issue. We would not treat Mr A without first contacting the supervisor if he had suffered a loss in the last 2 years as he made need to be referred on as all the stages of grief must be worked through. Treatment Plan Mr A’s treatment plan could incorporate normal suggestive hypnosis or a method of hypnoanalysis as described above. In this case study I choose to use suggestive hypnosis as the first method of treatment for low self esteem followed by some sessions using direct regression if there is a need and it has come to light during the sessions that Mr A had some issues in his childhood that could be affecting his behaviour . There will be a discussion before each hypnosis/ hypnoanalysis session to identify any further issues and ensure that adaptations to the treatment can be made e. g. there may be a need to incorporate the Inner Child Therapy as part of the treatment plan. During the session using hypnoanalysis regression screed Mr A would be asked questions that were neither leading or guiding, by example such as ‘how do you feel, describe what is happening, what is happening now, describe what you see ‘. These type of questions are important so that the therapist does not lead the client into creating a memory that has been adjusted or made up to enable the client to please the therapist or help them accept their behaviours. It is important that all information given by the client during the sessions in regression is understood that it is from their imagination and not factual. The attached screed describes a corridor of time leading from Mr A’s special place to focus his mind on travelling back in time. Longer reorientation is sometimes incorporated into these screeds as the transition to normal awareness may be more difficult. The course of treatment would last between six and eight weeks . Summary The therapists use the types of hypnotherapy and hynoanalysis depending of the progress with the client and are adaptable throughout the treatment using the necessary methods. It is important that the therapist should be aware of their limitations and work only within their competence, making sure that the client is also aware of these. Bibliography